KINDLY READ THE TEXT BOOK ALSO (Total History book )
Q1. When did the First World War break out?Ans. The First World War broke out in the year 1914.
Q2. Why is the war fought between 1914 and 1918 called the First World War?
Ans. 1. It was fought on a worldwide scale and affected almost all the countries of the
world.
2. Because of the unprecedented extent of its spread, impact and damage and its
total nature, it is known as the First World War.
Q3. Give the meaning of Nationalism.
Ans. It refers to a sense of unity felt by the people ,who share a common history, language
and culture.
Q4. How was aggressive nationalism a cause for the First World War?
Ans. 1. Aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s own country and hatred of the
other countries.
2. Each nation thought about its own national interests and did not care for the
interests of the other nations.
3. For example, France wanted to get back its provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
from Germany.
4. Italy wanted to get back the territory of Trentino Trieste from Austria.
5. Balkan States like Serbia wanted that their fellow nationals (Slavs) who lived in
other States should come together to form a greater Balkan State.
6. These countries developed expansionist policies in the name of nationalism.
7. Therefore, military strength became synonymous with national prestige and
every country began to increase her military power.
Q5. What is imperialism ?
Ans. A system by which a powerful nation used to establish its control over another country,
either by political pressure, infiltration and annexation or by outright wars.
Q6. Name the largest ship built by Germany in the year 1912.
Ans. Imperator.
Q7. Why did Germany dug the Kiel Canal?
Ans. The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battleships could enter its waters.
Q8. How were the single Nation-States different from the Imperial States?
Ans. 1. Single Nation States – national identities were based on their common language and traditions. Eg: - France, Holland, Germany.
2. Imperial States – the population spoke different languages and had different
cultural traditions. Eg:- The Austria –Hungarian Empire was ruled by the
Hapsburg dynasty of Austria included and it included in its territory Hungarian,
Serb, Bosnian and Croat population.
Q9. Name the signatory countries of the Triple Alliance (1882). State the rival block
that was formed and the signatory countries of that bloc.
Ans. 1. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
2. The rival bloc was the - Triple Entente: France, England, Russia and Japan
joined later.
Q10. Name the heir to the throne of Austria – Hungary who was assassinated at
Sarajevo.
Ans. Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
Q11. Name the Allied powers and the Central powers.
Ans. 1. Allied powers – Britain, France, Russia and their allies.
2. Central powers – Germany, Austria and their allies.
3.
Q12. Why did the USA join the First World War?
Ans. 1. In 1915, the German U – boats had sunk a British ship Lusitania. Among the
1153 passengers killed, 128 were Americans.
2. The Americans were generally sympathetic to Britain, and this incident further
aroused anti – German feelings in the U.S.A.
3. The allied powers (Britain, France, Russia and their allies) had vast amounts of
loans in the U.S.A to pay for the arms and other goods bought by them.
4. Therefore the U.S.A feared that if Germany won the war, she would become a
serious rival to the U.S.A.
Q13(a) What is the Treaty of Versailles? When was it signed?
Ans 1. The Treaty of Versailles refers to the treaty signed between the Allies (England,
France, Russia and Japan) and Germany by which the First World War was
brought to an end.
2. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28,1919 in Versailles ,a suburb of
Paris.
Q13(b) Name the dignitaries who decided the terms of the Treaty.
Ans 1. Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States.
2. Lloyd George – Prime Minister of Britain.
3. George Clemenceau – Prime Minister of France.
Q14. Why was the League of Nations established?
Ans. 1. The League of Nations was created as a world organization of all independent
states in 1920.
2. It was established to promote cooperation, to achieve peace and security and to guarantee the independence of all states.
Q15. What are the aims and objectives of the League of Nations?
Ans. 1. All the states of the world were prohibited from entering any secret treaties and
alliances.
2. Member states were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and
destructive armaments.
3. All states were to respect each other’s independence.
4. Mutual disputes between states were to be referred to the League of Nations for
a peaceful settlement.
5. The Member-States were to take necessary action as directed by the League
against any State which tried to disturb world peace and order.
6. The League of Nations was to promote cultural , Social and economic co-
operation among member states.
Structures Questions
Q1. Various events led to the First World War. In this context, explain the following:
(a) Nationalism and Imperialism –
1. Nationalism refers to the sense of unity felt by the people, who share a common
history, language and culture.
2. In the latter half of the 19th century, this feeling of unity turned into extreme
pride, which made the people of many countries believe that their country is
superior to other countries.
3. This led to the development of aggressive nationalism.
4. For Example, France wanted to get back the territory of Trentino Trieste from
Austria and Balkan States like Serbia wanted that their fellow nationals (Slavs)
who lived in other states should come together to form a greater Balkan states.
5. These countries developed expansionist policies in the name of nationalism.
6. Aggressive nationalism led to the rise of imperialism.
7. Many nations developed myths of their superiority over other people and felt
that they must have colonies to add to their power and prestige.
8. British imperialism was focused on maintaining and expanding trade by
exploiting the resources of its colonies.
9. Some other countries of the world like Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan also
wanted to increase their sphere of influence and create their colonies in Asia and
Africa.
10. Thus ,aggressive nationalism and fierce economic competition filled the
atmosphere with fear, apprehension, mutual hatred and international tension.
(b) Race for Armaments-
1. Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defense
and preservation of peace.
2. In order to protect her colonies in Africa and a few islands in the Pacific,
Germany began to build a powerful navy with a view to achieve parity with
Britain.
3. By 1914, she had left Britain and France far behind in the production of iron and steel and in many other manufacturers.
4. One of its ship, the Imperator, built in 1912 was the largest in the world.
5. The Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that the battleships could enter its
waters.
6. This led to a fierce competition among the European countries and gave rise to
the race for armaments.
(c) Division of Europe into two hostile groups-
1. There were two kinds of states in Europe inn the early 20th century.
2. Single nation states like France, Holland and Germany and imperial states like
the Austrian –Hungarian empire and the Russian empire.
3. Germany entered into an alliance with Austria –Hungary. In 1882 Italy joined
the alliance and it came to be known as the Triple Alliance.
4. Later France entered into a friendly relation with Russia and England. The three
countries entered into the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the Triple Alliance.
Later Japan joined the Triple Entente.
5. Thus Europe was divided into two hostile camps.
6.
Q2 How did the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 lead to the First World War?
Ans
1. On the 28
th
of June, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-
Hungarian throne was assassinated at Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia by
extreme Serbian nationalists called ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’.
2. Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on 23rd July making 11 demands.
3. Serbia accepted most of the demands except those that would have led to the
loss of her sovereignty.
4. Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
Q3 There were several far reaching consequences as a result of the First World War.
In this context , answer the following:
(a) Terms of the Treaty of Versailles-
1. The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany guilty of aggression.
2. The German Army was restricted to a force of 1, 00, 000 soldiers and the Navy
was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and submarines were
banned.
3. The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and the German territory west
of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.
4. Germany lost Alsace Lorraine to France; Eupen-et-Malmedy to Belgium,
Schleswig to Denmark. Danzig became a Free Port in the Polish territory.
5. Germany ceded parts of her pre-War territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, and France.
6. The coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for 15
years and the area was to governed by the League of Nations.
7. Germany lost all her colonies to the victorious Allies – Britain, South Africa
and Portugal.
8. German colonies in the Pacific and the areas under her control in China were
given to Japan. China was aligned with the Allies during the War but her areas under German control were given away to Japan.
9. Germany was required to pay for the loss & damages suffered by the Allies
during the war. The amount of reparation was fixed at 33 billion dollars.
Germany had to cede (surrender) her merchant ships to the Allies as
compensation. Germany had to supply huge quantities of coal to France, Italy
& Belgium for ten years.
10. The Treaty affirmed the complete independence of Belgium, Poland,
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
11. The Covenant of the League of Nations was added to the Treaty of Versailles.
(b) Territorial Rearrangements-
1. The United States surpassed Europe to emerge as a world power.
2. Three ruling dynasties were destroyed – the Romanov in Russia, the
Hohezollern in Germany, the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.
3. Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent
states.
4. Empires having different cultures were dissolved and independent states having
distinct cultures emerged after the war – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
Yugoslavia.
5. Alsace -Lorraine was restored to France and Schelswig – Hostein was restored
to Denmark.
(c) Formation of the League of Nations-
1. The horrors of war convinced the leaders of the world that there must be a
mechanism to prevent war and promote international cooperation.
2. Wilson’s fourteen points included the creation of an international organization
for the preservation of peace and to guarantee the independence of all states.
3. Thus the League of Nation was created as a world organization of all
independent States in 1920.
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