FORCE
1. Anticlockwise moments: If turning effect is anticlockwise, the moment of force is
called anticlockwise moment and is positive.
2. Centre of gravity: Centre of gravity of a body is the point about which the algebraic
sum of moments of weights of all the particles constituting the body is equal to zero.
3. Centrifugal force: Force acting away from the centre of the circular path is called centrifugal force.
4. Centripetal force: Centripetal force is the force acting on a body moving in a circular
path, in a direction which is always towards the centre of the circular path.
5. Clockwise moments: If turning effect is clockwise, the moment of force is called
clockwise and is negative.
6. Couple: Two equal and opposite parallel forces not acting along the same line, forms a couple.
7. Dynamic equilibrium: Under the influence of the several forces, if a body remains in
the same state of motion, the body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
8. Equilibrium of bodies: Equilibrium is the state of a body, when a number of forces
acting on it produces no change in its state of rest or of motion.
9. Linear or translational motion: Linear or translational motion is when a force acts on a free to
move stationary rigid body and the body starts moving in a straight path in the direction of force.
10. Moment (Turning effect) of a Force or Torque: The turning effect of force acting on
a body about an axis is called the moment of force or torque.
11. Moment of couple: The moment of couple is equal to the product of either force
and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of both the forces.
12. Rotational motion: Rotational motion is the motion when a force acts on a suitable point on a
pivoted body and the body begins to rotate about its axis, producing a turning effect of the force.
13. Static equilibrium: When a body remains in a state of rest under the influence of
number of forces, the body is in static equilibrium.
14. Uniform circular motion: When a particle moves in a circular path with a constant
speed, its motion is said to be the uniform circular motion.
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
15. 1 erg: 1 erg of work is said to be done when a force of 1 dyne displaces a body
through a distance of 1 cm in the same direction.
16. 1 joule: 1 joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton displaces a body
through a distance of 1 meter in the same direction.
17. 1 watt: If 1 joule of work is done in 1 second, the power spent is said to be 1 watt.
18. Calorie: 1 calorie is the heat energy required in raising the temperature of 1 g of
water from 14.5℃ to 15.5℃.
19. Chemical or fuel energy: The energy possessed by fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas is called the chemical energy.
20. Conservation of mechanical energy (Fundamental Principle of nature): According to the law
of conservation of mechanical energy, whenever there is an interchange between the
potential energy and the kinetic energy, the total mechanical energy remains constant.
21. Degraded energy: Energy converted to undesirable form or is lost to the environment during
the desired transformation from one form to the other is called the degraded energy.
22. Dissipation of energy: The conversion of energy to the undesirable/non-useful form
is called the dissipation of energy.
23. Elastic potential energy: The potential energy possessed by a body in the deformed
state due to change in its configuration, is called the elastic potential energy.
24. Electrical energy: When two dry bodies are rubbed together, they get charged due to
movement of free electrons from one body to another, thus they possess electrical energy.
25. Electron volt: 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron when it accelerates through a
potential difference of 1 volt.
26. Energy: The energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
27. Geothermal energy: The energy released during nuclear disintegrations in the interior of
the earth, which gets stored deep inside the earth, is called the geo thermal energy.
28. Gravitational potential energy: The potential energy possessed by a body due to its
position relative to the centre of earth is called its gravitational potential energy.
29. Heat energy: The energy released on burning coal, oil, wood or gas is the heat energy.
30. Horse power: It is another unit of power, largely used in mechanical engineering.
31. Hydro-energy: The energy possessed by fast moving water is called the hydro energy.
32. Kilowatt hour: One kilowatt hour is the energy spent / work done by a source of
power 1 kW in 1 h.
33. Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of motion is
called the kinetic energy.
34. Light energy: It is the form of energy in presence of which other objects are seen is
called light energy.
35. Magnetic energy: The energy possessed by a magnet due to which it can attract iron
filings is called magnetic energy.
36. Mechanical energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its state of rest or
motion is called the mechanical energy.
37. Mechanical energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its state of rest or of
motion is called the mechanical energy.
38. Nuclear energy: The energy released during the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion, due to loss in their mass, is called nuclear (or atomic) energy.
39. Potential energy: The energy possessed by a body at rest by virtue of its specific
position or changed configuration is called the potential energy.
40. Power: The rate of doing work is called power.
41. Principle of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it
only changes from one form to another.
42. Rotational kinetic energy: The kinetic energy of the body due to rotational motion is
called rotational kinetic energy.
43. Rotational motion: If a body rotates about its axis, the motion is called rotational motion.
44. Solar energy: The energy radiated by the sun is called the solar energy.
45. Sound energy: The energy possessed by a vibrating body is called sound energy.
46. Translational kinetic energy: Kinetic energy of the body due to motion in a straight
line is called the translational kinetic energy.
47. Translational motion: The motion of a body in a straight-line path is called translational motion.
48. Vibrational kinetic energy: The kinetic energy due to vibrational motion is vibrational
kinetic energy.
49. Vibrational motion: If a body moves to and fro about its mean position, the motion
is called vibrational motion.
50. Watt hour: One watt hour is the energy spent / work done by a source of power 1 W in 1 h.
51. Wind energy: The energy possessed by the fast moving air is called the wind energy.
52. Work – energy theorem: According to the work energy theorem the work done by a
force on a moving body/object is equal to the increase in its kinetic energy.
53. Work: Work is said to be done only when the force applied on a body produces
displacement of the body.
MACHINES
54. Actual / Practical machine: An actual machine is a machine in which some of the energy is
lost in overcoming the force of friction between the moving parts of a machine.
55. Block: A single pulley or a combination of two or more pulleys fixed in a frame is called a block.
56. Class � lever: In these types of levers, the fulcrum F is in between the effort E and load L.
57. Class �� lever: In these types of levers, the load L is in between the effort E and the fulcrum F.
58. Class ��� lever: In these types of levers, the effort E is in between the fulcrum F and
the load L and the effort arm is always smaller than the load arm.
59. Efficiency (�): Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful work done by a
machine on the load to the work done by the effort on the machine. OR Efficiency of
a machine is the ratio of work output to the work input.
60. Effort point is the point at which energy is supplied to a machine, by applying effort.
61. Effort: The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called the effort [E].
62. Ideal Machine: An ideal machine is that in which there is no dissipation of energy in
any manner, the work output is equal to the work input, thus its ƞ is 100%.
63. Law of lever: The mechanical advantage of a lever is equal to the ratio of the length
of its effort arm to the length of its load arm.
64. Levers: A lever is a rigid, straight or a bent bar, which is capable of turning about a fixed axis.
65. Load point is the point where the energy is obtained by overcoming the load.
66. Load: The resistive or opposing force to overcome by a machine is called the load [L].
67. Machines: A machine is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force/load
by applying a small force/effort at a convenient point in a desired direction or by which we
can obtain a gain in speed.
68. Mechanical advantage (M.A.): The ratio of the load to the effort is called mechanical
advantage of a machine.
69. Pulley: A wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes is a pulley.
70. Single fixed pulley: A single fixed pulley is a pulley, which has a fixed position of its
axis of rotation.
71. Single movable pulley: A pulley, whose axis of rotation is not fixed in a position, is
called a movable pulley.
72. Tackle: A string or a rope or a chain that winds around a pulley in different blocks is
known as tackle.
73. Velocity ratio (V.R.): The velocity ratio of a machine is the ratio of the velocity of
effort to the velocity of load. OR The velocity ratio of a machine is the ratio of
displacement of effort to the displacement of load.
74. Work input: Work input is the work done on a machine by the effort.
75. Work output: Work output is the work done by the machine on the load.
1. Anticlockwise moments: If turning effect is anticlockwise, the moment of force is
called anticlockwise moment and is positive.
2. Centre of gravity: Centre of gravity of a body is the point about which the algebraic
sum of moments of weights of all the particles constituting the body is equal to zero.
3. Centrifugal force: Force acting away from the centre of the circular path is called centrifugal force.
4. Centripetal force: Centripetal force is the force acting on a body moving in a circular
path, in a direction which is always towards the centre of the circular path.
5. Clockwise moments: If turning effect is clockwise, the moment of force is called
clockwise and is negative.
6. Couple: Two equal and opposite parallel forces not acting along the same line, forms a couple.
7. Dynamic equilibrium: Under the influence of the several forces, if a body remains in
the same state of motion, the body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.
8. Equilibrium of bodies: Equilibrium is the state of a body, when a number of forces
acting on it produces no change in its state of rest or of motion.
9. Linear or translational motion: Linear or translational motion is when a force acts on a free to
move stationary rigid body and the body starts moving in a straight path in the direction of force.
10. Moment (Turning effect) of a Force or Torque: The turning effect of force acting on
a body about an axis is called the moment of force or torque.
11. Moment of couple: The moment of couple is equal to the product of either force
and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of both the forces.
12. Rotational motion: Rotational motion is the motion when a force acts on a suitable point on a
pivoted body and the body begins to rotate about its axis, producing a turning effect of the force.
13. Static equilibrium: When a body remains in a state of rest under the influence of
number of forces, the body is in static equilibrium.
14. Uniform circular motion: When a particle moves in a circular path with a constant
speed, its motion is said to be the uniform circular motion.
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
15. 1 erg: 1 erg of work is said to be done when a force of 1 dyne displaces a body
through a distance of 1 cm in the same direction.
16. 1 joule: 1 joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 newton displaces a body
through a distance of 1 meter in the same direction.
17. 1 watt: If 1 joule of work is done in 1 second, the power spent is said to be 1 watt.
18. Calorie: 1 calorie is the heat energy required in raising the temperature of 1 g of
water from 14.5℃ to 15.5℃.
19. Chemical or fuel energy: The energy possessed by fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas is called the chemical energy.
20. Conservation of mechanical energy (Fundamental Principle of nature): According to the law
of conservation of mechanical energy, whenever there is an interchange between the
potential energy and the kinetic energy, the total mechanical energy remains constant.
21. Degraded energy: Energy converted to undesirable form or is lost to the environment during
the desired transformation from one form to the other is called the degraded energy.
22. Dissipation of energy: The conversion of energy to the undesirable/non-useful form
is called the dissipation of energy.
23. Elastic potential energy: The potential energy possessed by a body in the deformed
state due to change in its configuration, is called the elastic potential energy.
24. Electrical energy: When two dry bodies are rubbed together, they get charged due to
movement of free electrons from one body to another, thus they possess electrical energy.
25. Electron volt: 1 eV is the energy gained by an electron when it accelerates through a
potential difference of 1 volt.
26. Energy: The energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
27. Geothermal energy: The energy released during nuclear disintegrations in the interior of
the earth, which gets stored deep inside the earth, is called the geo thermal energy.
28. Gravitational potential energy: The potential energy possessed by a body due to its
position relative to the centre of earth is called its gravitational potential energy.
29. Heat energy: The energy released on burning coal, oil, wood or gas is the heat energy.
30. Horse power: It is another unit of power, largely used in mechanical engineering.
31. Hydro-energy: The energy possessed by fast moving water is called the hydro energy.
32. Kilowatt hour: One kilowatt hour is the energy spent / work done by a source of
power 1 kW in 1 h.
33. Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its state of motion is
called the kinetic energy.
34. Light energy: It is the form of energy in presence of which other objects are seen is
called light energy.
35. Magnetic energy: The energy possessed by a magnet due to which it can attract iron
filings is called magnetic energy.
36. Mechanical energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its state of rest or
motion is called the mechanical energy.
37. Mechanical energy: The energy possessed by a body due to its state of rest or of
motion is called the mechanical energy.
38. Nuclear energy: The energy released during the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion, due to loss in their mass, is called nuclear (or atomic) energy.
39. Potential energy: The energy possessed by a body at rest by virtue of its specific
position or changed configuration is called the potential energy.
40. Power: The rate of doing work is called power.
41. Principle of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it
only changes from one form to another.
42. Rotational kinetic energy: The kinetic energy of the body due to rotational motion is
called rotational kinetic energy.
43. Rotational motion: If a body rotates about its axis, the motion is called rotational motion.
44. Solar energy: The energy radiated by the sun is called the solar energy.
45. Sound energy: The energy possessed by a vibrating body is called sound energy.
46. Translational kinetic energy: Kinetic energy of the body due to motion in a straight
line is called the translational kinetic energy.
47. Translational motion: The motion of a body in a straight-line path is called translational motion.
48. Vibrational kinetic energy: The kinetic energy due to vibrational motion is vibrational
kinetic energy.
49. Vibrational motion: If a body moves to and fro about its mean position, the motion
is called vibrational motion.
50. Watt hour: One watt hour is the energy spent / work done by a source of power 1 W in 1 h.
51. Wind energy: The energy possessed by the fast moving air is called the wind energy.
52. Work – energy theorem: According to the work energy theorem the work done by a
force on a moving body/object is equal to the increase in its kinetic energy.
53. Work: Work is said to be done only when the force applied on a body produces
displacement of the body.
MACHINES
54. Actual / Practical machine: An actual machine is a machine in which some of the energy is
lost in overcoming the force of friction between the moving parts of a machine.
55. Block: A single pulley or a combination of two or more pulleys fixed in a frame is called a block.
56. Class � lever: In these types of levers, the fulcrum F is in between the effort E and load L.
57. Class �� lever: In these types of levers, the load L is in between the effort E and the fulcrum F.
58. Class ��� lever: In these types of levers, the effort E is in between the fulcrum F and
the load L and the effort arm is always smaller than the load arm.
59. Efficiency (�): Efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful work done by a
machine on the load to the work done by the effort on the machine. OR Efficiency of
a machine is the ratio of work output to the work input.
60. Effort point is the point at which energy is supplied to a machine, by applying effort.
61. Effort: The force applied on the machine to overcome the load is called the effort [E].
62. Ideal Machine: An ideal machine is that in which there is no dissipation of energy in
any manner, the work output is equal to the work input, thus its ƞ is 100%.
63. Law of lever: The mechanical advantage of a lever is equal to the ratio of the length
of its effort arm to the length of its load arm.
64. Levers: A lever is a rigid, straight or a bent bar, which is capable of turning about a fixed axis.
65. Load point is the point where the energy is obtained by overcoming the load.
66. Load: The resistive or opposing force to overcome by a machine is called the load [L].
67. Machines: A machine is a device by which we can either overcome a large resistive force/load
by applying a small force/effort at a convenient point in a desired direction or by which we
can obtain a gain in speed.
68. Mechanical advantage (M.A.): The ratio of the load to the effort is called mechanical
advantage of a machine.
69. Pulley: A wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes is a pulley.
70. Single fixed pulley: A single fixed pulley is a pulley, which has a fixed position of its
axis of rotation.
71. Single movable pulley: A pulley, whose axis of rotation is not fixed in a position, is
called a movable pulley.
72. Tackle: A string or a rope or a chain that winds around a pulley in different blocks is
known as tackle.
73. Velocity ratio (V.R.): The velocity ratio of a machine is the ratio of the velocity of
effort to the velocity of load. OR The velocity ratio of a machine is the ratio of
displacement of effort to the displacement of load.
74. Work input: Work input is the work done on a machine by the effort.
75. Work output: Work output is the work done by the machine on the load.
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